English4Psychology

Ecological Counseling

This article talk about how to manage and know children psyhological in learning English.

Ecological Counseling offers an approach to the conceptualization of human issues that integrates personal and environmental factors through focusing on their interaction. By doing so, the widely divergent forces that converge through the development of a human life may be organized into a logical and coherent narrative. This process is invaluable when attempting to assist people in the recreation of their lives, as is the case with the various forms of counseling.

The theoretical structure of this approach emerges from the integration of field theory, phenomenology, and constructivism. In 1935, Kurt Lewin, a German Gestalt psychologist, articulated that human behavior is a product of personal and environmental factors and formulated the equation B=(PxE). Urie Bronfenbrenner expanded Lewin's work in 1979 into Ecological Systems Theory. Ecological Counseling posits that the person is inextricably situated within radically specific and interdependent ecological systems. Additionally, the individual carries particular capacities, limitations, temperaments, preferences, symbolic representation systems and personal historicity through the varying environmental settings in which the person lives. The interactions between the person and environment result in the construction of the individual ecological niches. These niches are what we experience as our world.

Ecological counseling seeks to understand people's ecological niches and assist them to live a satisfying life. This is accomplished by improving one's interactional quality, or concordance, through counseling intervention at both the personal and environmental levels.

Ecological Counseling has implications for clinical counseling practice, counselor training, group work, career counseling, social service delivery, research, social justice initiatives, community intervention, consultation, supervision, and human growth & development.

(http://www.uc.edu/counselingprogram/intro.htm)

Vocabulary List : 

Psychology

Psychology is the study of the mind, occurring partly via the study of behavior. Grounded in scientific method, psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases, and for many it ultimately aims to benefit society. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist, and can be classified as a social scientist, behavioral scientist, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and neurobiological processes that underlie certain cognitive functions and behaviors.

Psychologists explore such concepts as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships. Psychologists of diverse stripes also consider the unconscious mind. Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables. In addition, or in opposition, to employing empirical and deductive methods, some—especially clinical and counseling psychologists—at times rely upon symbolic interpretation and other inductive techniques. Psychology incorporates research from the social and natural sciences, and from the humanities, such as philosophy.

While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems, it is also applied to understanding and solving problems in many different spheres of human activity. The majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing in clinical, counseling, or school settings. Many do scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior, and typically work in university psychology departments or teach in other academic settings. Some are employed in industrial and organizational settings, or in other areas such as human development and aging, sports, health, and the media, as well as in forensic analysis and other aspects of law.

Vocabulary:

Behavior= Perilaku.                        Explore= Menyelidiki.

Method= Metode.                          Relationship= Hubungan.

Researcher= Peneliti.                      Interpretation= Interpretasi.

Attempt= Usaha.                            Assessment= Penilaian.

Scientist= Ilmuwan.                        Scientific= Ilmiah.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology

Understanding Unreasonable Fear

Psychological phobias are what most people think of when the term “phobia” is mentioned; an intense and unreasonable fear, despite clear evidence that such fear is not necessary. There are hundreds of different psychological phobias that can appear in patients for different reasons. When a person has a psychological phobia, they will often experience:

It can be hard to understand why a person with a psychological phobia is afraid or why they act unreasonably, but that’s the nature of the phobia itself. If you or someone you know has a psychological phobia, it can be very helpful to seek treatment and to look for therapy and counseling.

A psychological phobia can be caused by a traumatic experience, but no direct contact with the object of the phobia is necessary. Many people will get arachnophobia, a fear of spiders, without ever encountering a dangerous spider. Phobias usually begin as a person perceives danger from a certain source. The person then amplifies that danger and begins to obsess on the source of that danger.

There has been a great deal of evidence to suggest that many phobias are caused by genetic factors or by social pressures. A therapist will try to work with a patient with psychological phobias to discover the reason for the condition, as this is an essential step towards forming a treatment plan for persons with phobias.

Source : file:///E:/materi psychology/Psychology Phobias - Cause of Psychological –Treatment for phobia.htm

Vocabularies list :

1.      Evidence                     = Fakta-Fakta

2.      Dread                         = Ketakutan

3.      Amplifies                    = Menjelaskan

4.      Prevalence                  = Kelaziman

5.      Perceives                    = Merasa

6.      Genetic                       = Azas keturunan

7.      Traumatic                    = Trauma

8.      Pressure                      = Tekanan

9.      Encountering               = temu

10.  Treatment                    = cara pengobatan

Fighting Phobias, The Things That Go Bump in the Mind

A person can develop a specific phobia of anything, but in most cases the phobia is shared by many and has a name. Animal phobias--cynophobia (dogs), equinophobia (horses), zoophobia (all animals)--are common. So are arachnophobia (spiders) and ophidiophobia (snakes). And, of course, there's the fear of flying (pterygophobia), heights (acrophobia), and confined spaces (claustrophobia).

"One of the most common phobias is the fear of dentists [odontiatophobia]," says Sheryl Jackson, Ph.D., a clinical psychologist and associate professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. "People who suffer with this phobia will literally let their teeth rot out because they are afraid to go to a dentist."

Jackson says that most specific phobias do not cause a serious disruption in a person's life, and, consequently, sufferers do not seek professional help. Instead, they find ways to avoid whatever it is that triggers their panic, or they simply endure the distress felt when they encounter it. Some may also consult their physicians, requesting medication to help them through a situation, such as an unavoidable plane trip for someone who is phobic about flying.

Some phobias cause significant problems that require long-term professional help. "People usually seek treatment when their phobia interferes in their lives, the person who turns down promotions because he knows public speaking will be required, someone who must travel frequently but who is afraid of flying, or a woman who wants to have children but who has a fear of pain or blood. These are the people who seek long-term treatment," says Jackson.

First, the patient and therapist establish a hierarchy of feared situations, from the least to the most feared. For someone who fears elevators, for example, stepping onto the elevator causes a certain level of anxiety; going up one flight causes another level of anxiety. With each additional flight the anxiety increases until it becomes intolerable. Therapy begins with the patient and therapist practicing the least fearful event, riding out the anxiety until the physiological symptoms subside. This step is repeated until the anxiety level is acceptable. Then the person progresses to the next step in the hierarchy. Each successive step is repeated until the physical reactions and anxious mood decrease to the point where the person can step onto an elevator and ride to the top floor without panicking. 

Source : file:///E:/materi%20psychology/phobias.htm

Vocabularies list :

1.      Phobia                         = Ketakutan

2.      Dentisy                        = Dokter gigi

3.      Disruption                   = Gangguan

4.      Endure                                    = Menahan

5.      Panicking                    =Membikin panic

6.      Treatment                   = pengobatan

7.      Riding                         = mengendari

8.      Hierarchy                    = Hirarki

9.      Elevator                       = Pelayan

10.  Disruption                   = Gangguan

Phobias

A phobia is an inappropriate sense of anxiety or fear triggered by exposure to a specific object or situation. People with phobias have a strong desire to avoid whatever it is that is causing their fears.

There are three main types of phobia: Specific or Simple phobias, Agoraphobia, Social phobia. Firstly, Specific or simple phobias are very common in children, where they are essentially thought of as normal. But some phobias carry on until adult life. These specific phobias can be divided up as fears of: animals, nature, blood, certain situations. Secondly, Agoraphobia means a fear of open spaces. However, it's often used to refer to a fear of being away from home and family, often because of worry about having a panic attack. Thirdly, Social phobia occurs when there is an excessive fear of social situations, such as small groups of people at parties.

There are several different theories about why phobias develop. They do seem to run in families. But how much this is to do with picking up phobias from your parents and how much is inherited through your genes is uncertain. Young babies seem to be naturally afraid of animals such as snakes and of heights for instance, even though they need to learn to be afraid of man-made objects such as guns. So there is probably a natural fear response that gave our ancestors a survival advantage. It's possible that when phobias develop this natural fear response has gone wrong. Sometimes the start of a phobia may be triggered by a stressful life event, such as bereavement, illness or divorce. It might be possible to avoid phobias by encouraging children to face up to feared situations rather than stay away from them. However, this doesn't always work

.

                         Source : file:///E:/materi%20psychology/phobia-is-inappropriate-sense-of.html

Vocabularies list :

1.      Inappropriate               =Tidak tepat /pantas

2.      Carry                           = Membawa

3.      Agoraphobia               = Takut pada ruang terbuka

4.      Survival                       = Peninggalan

5.      Triggered                     = Pemicu

6.      Inherited                     = menerima warisan

7.      Bereavement               = kehilangan

8.      Ancestors                    = leluhur/nenek moyang

9.      Picking                        = memetik/mengambil

1.0    Attack                         = serangan/penyrbuan

Child psychology

Child psychology involves looking at the issues,stages and various influences that a child experiences throughout their development into functioning adults. Child psychology can be divided into two main areas- the actual process of psychological developmentthat the child goes through when growing up and the analysis and treatment of the various problems that a child may face throughout their development.

During a child’s development from infancy to adulthood, many influences are responsible for sapping their ways of seeing the world, their ideas of their own identity andtheir place within society. Factors such as environments setting, family, community and the media all shape a child. In a perfect world, a child would develop successfully into a happily functioning adult, without any problems along the way, however this is not usually the case and many children find that the may struggle throughout the process.

Source : file:///E:/materi%20psychology/S0005789471800643.htm 

Vocabularies list :

1.      Issues                        = Persoalan

2.      Identity                      = Identitas

3.      Development             = Perkembangan

4.      Adulthood                 = Kedewasaan

5.      Struggle                     = Perjuangan

6.      Responsible               = bertanggungjawab

7.      Sapping                     = Melemahkan

8.      Influence                    = Pengaruh

9.      Psychological             = Psikologis

1.  Environment                 = lingkungan